The Myth Of Sisyphus By Albert Camus - 1013 Words

Rob Campbell Mr. Foley Hon. World Lit-D Period 21 September 2017 An Existential Hero â€Å"The Myth of Sisyphus† by Albert Camus is a symbolic commentary on life s inherent meaning, or more specifically, the lack thereof and how one may come to terms with their fate. For centuries, philosophers have pondered upon the idea that there is not an intrinsic meaning in the universe. One major response to such a belief is Existentialism. The system of beliefs known as Existentialism states that through a combination of personal responsibility, awareness, and free will, an individual can formulate their own meaning in a universe lacking one of its own. In Existential literature, characters are often put into utterly hopeless or meaningless†¦show more content†¦Pluto agreed, however, Sisyphus took advantage of this concordance. Camus wrote: â€Å"But when he had seen again the face of this world, enjoyed water and sun, warm stones and the sea, he no longer wanted to go back to the infernal darkness.†, Sisyphus gawked at the Earth’s pulchritude a nd was in awe. He abandoned his agreement with Pluto and became a stowaway in the world of the living. It would be vastly unreasonable to assume that Sisyphus did not have a passion for life after taking measures as those. Some, when having reached the realization of life’s lack of intrinsic meaning and doomed situations, commit suicide. Others take a different route and choose to live and live fully. Sisyphus, after escaping death and acquiring a passion for life, chose to live and to do so to the fullest extent. On the topic of Sisyphus life subsequent to his escape from death, Camus writes: â€Å"Many years more he lived facing the curve of the gulf, the sparkling sea, and the smiles of earth.† Sisyphus maximizes his time on Earth. He basks in the elegance Earth has to offer, from the sparkling sea to the curve of the gulf. Sisyphus indubitably lives to the fullest. In conjunction with doing as such, he lives in the present. Sisyphus dotes on his present life post-escape. He neither reflects on his death, nor is he angsty at his inevitable wrath Pluto will inflict upon him for his uncooperativeness in their accord.Show MoreRelatedThe Myth Of Sisyphus By Albert Camus1281 Words   |  6 PagesThe Myth of Sisyphus is a philosophical essay authored by Albert Camus. Originally published in French in 1942 as Le Mythe de Sisyphe, It was translated into English by Justin O’Brien in 1955. Camus in this essay introduces his concept of the â€Å"absurd†. He talks of man s futile search for meaning, unity, and clarity. He states that for man the world becomes an unintelligible space which is devoid of God, moral ethics and eternal truths. In such a situation one is forced to contemplate ‘Is suicideRead More Albert Camus The Myth of Sisyphus Essays814 Words   |  4 PagesAlbert Camus The Myth of Sisyphus Albert Camus essay, The Myth Of Sisyphus is an insightful analysis of the classic work, The Myth Of Sisyphus. In some regards Camus view of Sisyphus can seem quite accurate and in tune with the original text, but based on Camus interpretation of the justness of Sisyphus punishment, it is clear that the writer has some different ideas as well. Camus concludes that this punishment does not have the effect the Gods had intended, and ultimately theRead MoreThe Myth Of Sisyphus By Albert Camus Analysis1190 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays, author and philosopher Albert Camus develops the theme of existentialism through his ideas of the absurd, suicide, and hope. By addressing prominent questions such as â€Å"what does it mean to live?† and â€Å"what is my real identity?†, Camus emphasizes that the true â€Å"purpose† in life is to embrace the freedom of being able to choose how we define our lives, even if life ultimately has no mean ing. In this research paper, I wanted to further analyze Camus’ ideas,Read MoreFrench Existentialism: Albert Camus Myth of the Sisyphus687 Words   |  3 PagesFriedrich Nietzsche had a profound effect on French existentialism, and his influence is readily apparent in the works of Albert Camus and Jean Paul Sartre. Nietzsches teaching that reality is open to human making and imagination is nothing new; but Nietzsches contention that nearly the whole of human existence is framed by whatever stamp human beings place on it is a radical break with past classical and Enlightenment philosophy. Indeed, the fact that Nietzsches philosophy teaches that allRead MoreFrom Parallel Worlds in Franz Kafka ´s The Metamorphosis and Albert Camus ´ The Myth of Sisyphus798 Words   |  3 Pagessaying, â€Å"same stuff different story,† comes into play. Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis and Albert Camus’ The Myth of Sisyphus each have a protagonist that lives in an absurd world. Gregor Samsa and Sisyphus go through some type of change or punishment that makes their existence insignificant. Gregor Samsa becomes a metaphorical and physical â€Å"bug† to his family and must spend the rest life this way. Sisyphus is punished by the Gods and must spend the rest of his life pushing a massive boulder up aRead MoreEssay Theory of the Absurd1667 Words   |  7 Pagesover insignificant things and rejecting the notion of â€Å"logic.† Albert Camus, a major writer of the â€Å"Theatre of the Absurd†, construes the â€Å"Absurd† by completely varying this concept through the human personality, exemplified by The Stranger and â€Å"The Myth of Sisyphus.† Camus redefines the absurd by envisioning the â€Å"absurd† as a world consisting of â€Å"the struggle to find meaning where none exists† (Albert). In The Stranger, Camus writes about a man named Meursault, who one day is notified thatRead MoreThe Conundrum Of Existence : The Many Comparisons Of Manfred And Sisyphus1147 Words   |  5 PagesThe Conundrum of Existence: The Many Comparisons of Manfred and Sisyphus â€Å"As thy shadow on the spot, And the power which thou dost feel shall be what thou must conceal,† (Byron I. I. 229-231). Emotions quickly set the scene in Lord Byron’s dramatic poem, â€Å"Manfred†. The man, deranged from the feeling of immense guilt and peril of a first unnamed sin, makes his angst known from the very beginning. Yet, he seems to hide a deep secret. Byron’s poem â€Å"Manfred† provides the audience with a glimpse intoRead MoreEssay on The Myth of Sisyphus706 Words   |  3 PagesThe Myth Of Sisyphus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The myth of Sisyphus was a paper written by Albert Camus to show that life has no ultimate meaning. This goals of men and woman are false and in the end humans really accomplish nothing. Camus represented his idea of existentialism through the use of Sisyphus. This allows us to see a comparison of a mythical tale and the real world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Albert Camus feeling towards existence was that humans were not supposed to be living in the world. Camus believed that there wasRead MoreExistentialism And The Absurd By Albert Camus1186 Words   |  5 Pageswork. In his various books, short stories, and plays, the French-Algerian writer Albert Camus relates to his philosophical beliefs: specifically existentialism and the absurd, as well as his connecting idea of rebellion. Camus’ most prominent works – such as the novels The Plague, The Stranger, The Rebel, and others – reflect these beliefs and ideas he held. Though he was and continues to be considered as one, Camus made a point of rejecting the label of an existentialist. Existentialism is essentiallyRead More The Human Condition Essay605 Words   |  3 Pagesdiscouraging? In Albert Camus’s â€Å"The Myth of Sisyphus,† Camus describes the correlation between Sisyphus’s fate and the human condition. In the selection, everyday is the same for Sisyphus. Sisyphus is condemned to rolling a rock up a mountain for eternity. Camus’s â€Å"The Myth of Sisyphus† forces one to contemplate Sisyphus’s fate, how it relates to the human condition, and how it makes the writer feel about her part in life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Camus states â€Å"if this myth is tragic, that

Hydraulic cone crusher operating principle in manufacturer Free Essays

Upper material through the crusher feed opening into the crushing chamber, crushed material from he lower row of the discharge port. hydraulic cone crusher:http://www. ock- crusher. We will write a custom essay sample on Hydraulic cone crusher operating principle in manufacturer or any similar topic only for you Order Now org/products/Hydraulic-Cone-Crusher. html SMG single-cylinder series hydraulic cone crusher:http://www. conecrusher. org/SMG-Hydraulic-Cone- Crusher. html SMG single-cylinder series hydraulic cone crusher operating principle: summed up the advantages on the basis of the crushing chamber type, experienced a theoretical analysis and practical test case, Yifan engineers design the SMG series hydraulic cone crusher has a variety of crushing chamber type, available for users to hoose, by selecting suitable crushing chamber and eccentric distance, can meet customer production requirements, to achieve high yields. Packed feed laminated crushing, to make the final product better grain shape, particle content of the cube. Meanwhile,SMG single-cylinder series hydraulic cone crusher is uesd in stone production line. SMH series hydraulic cone crusher is the cone crusher developed after the absorption of the world advanced crushing technology with the advanced level, the more widely used in metallurgy, construction, utilities, transportation, hemical industry, building materials industry, suitable for crushing hard, medium hardness a variety of ores and rocks. SMH series hydraulic cone crusher is a high- performance cone crusher, will design speed and stroke, as well as crushing cavity optimized portfolio to achieve intergranular laminating crushing significantly improves yield and product shape is also greatly improved . rock crusher in china:http://www. rock-crusher. org/ Yifan machinery is professional hydraulic cone crusher manufacturer in china. Any problem,contact us. How to cite Hydraulic cone crusher operating principle in manufacturer, Papers

Organization Behaviour Perceived Organization

Question: You are required to write an executive summary of the article. Your summary must summarise the main points of the article, and how you see its relevance for organisational behaviour. 1) Discuss the purpose or intent of the journal article; 2) Identify and briefly describe the research methods used by the authors 3) Identify the key themes/ arguments of the article; and 4) Discuss the practical implications of the journal article. Answer: Executive Summary Purpose of the journal article The article written by Joyce et al. (2007) focused on role of organizational leaders in controlling employees workplace emotions. The purpose of the research is to find out effects of supervisors and managers on the emotion of the employees in a natural work phenomenon. They tried to examine direct effect of leadership behaviour of organizational leaders on employees experienced emotion, expressed emotions and emotional regulations. They developed their study from the gap of the previous literatures. They found from previous studies that regulating emotion of employees has direct connection with cardiovascular system activation, stress and physical symptoms etc. Hence, the authors conducted the study for further development of previous studies in an extensive way. Research methods used by authors The researchers selected sampling methodology for the survey. They followed within-person analysis to focus on values of each respondent in the organization. They randomly selected 57 employees of an ambulatory health care organization. Most of the respondents were women and average age was 41 years. The researcher collected both survey data and experience sampling data from the participants. Seven variables were chosen to conduct the survey. The variables are Supervisors leadership behaviours, general job satisfaction, Work status and interactions, momentary job satisfaction, affective experiences, momentary stress and overall stress. The selected emotions were scaled from 1 to 7 to assess the level of emotions. The decision about effect of organizational leadership on employees emotion was taken after data analysis. The collected data were analyzed through statistical method. Key arguments of the essay The key ideas of the article are the relationship between organizational leadership and employees emotion. It has been considered in the research paper that leadership attitude of an organizations leaders and supervisors have impact on employees mood and job performance. Stress, physical hazard depends on emotional experiences in the work place. The researcher has conducted the research assuming positive relation between supervisors leadership effects on employees emotion. From employees perspective the researcher thought that the supervisors evaluate the performance of the employees through direct interaction. This interaction may increase anxiety of the employees about their performance. During direction interaction, employees may hide their emotional expressions, which can create negative effects. Therefore, overall finding of the research is that although most supervisory interactions are positive, net effect of interaction with supervisors are little negative. The net negative e ffect is due to stronger effect of negative interaction on employees mood. In order to link the leadership behaviour of manager and supervisors, the researcher considered self-determination theory and the goal self-concordance model. It has been mentioned in the paper that, when the employees follow self regulation process of their emotions in the work place, they feel a separation from self. However, this effect is not always true as there may be other conditions that may remove the negative effects of emotional regulations. It has been argued that social functioning influence the emotion of the employees. The findings of the research suggest that emotional regulations on stress may be partly physiological because emotional regulation can lead to cardiac arousal. Moreover, it has been found that the effect of emotional regulation on employees job satisfaction is short lived. Practical implications of the journal article The research findings of this paper can be applied in practical scenario. As the theories and propositions considered in the study are related to employees job satisfaction, the article has practical implications. Generally, employees emotions affect the job performance. Every employee has their happiness, excitement and enthusiasm, which are likely to affect job performance positively (Shin et al. 2012). There are emotions such as frustrations, disappointment and worry, which reduces job performance and job satisfaction negatively. Negative emotions can reduce productivity of the employees, which may adversely affect the overall performance of the organization (Meisler and Vigoda-Gadot 2014). The leaders of the organization has important role to motivate the employees to increase job performance by controlling personal emotions. There are some employees, who can control their personal emotions in the work place. However, not every employee can do this. Te leadership has important role in this respect. The managers and supervisors can help the employees to resolve their problems by giving attention to listen problems. If leadership attitude can increase job satisfaction of employees, they can involve themselves more with the organization. Any cultural and social discrimination may affect the employees emotion (Fisk and Friesen 2012). Moreover, if communication between organizational leaders and employees create stress and physical problem of employees, these may reduce job satisfaction. Therefore, the employees, who cannot adjust themselves with organizational environment, may decide to change the organization. Employee turnover negatively affects the performance of the or ganization. Hence, in present days, organizations give values to the employees emotion and job satisfaction level. References Meisler, G. and Vigoda-Gadot, E., 2014. Perceived organizational politics, emotional intelligence and work outcomes: empirical exploration of direct and indirect effects.Personnel Review,43(1), pp.116-135. Shin, J., Taylor, M.S. and Seo, M.G., 2012. Resources for change: The relationships of organizational inducements and psychological resilience to employees' attitudes and behaviors toward organizational change.Academy of Management journal,55(3), pp.727-748. Fisk, G.M. and Friesen, J.P., 2012. Perceptions of leader emotion regulation and LMX as predictors of followers' job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviors.The Leadership Quarterly,23(1), pp.1-12.

Taboo Religion vs. Government free essay sample

Church, religion, belief, government? Whenever somebody mentions religion and the government in the same sentence, it seems to be very controversial. The word religion seems to frighten most of society these days, whereas the government and/or politics are discussed frequently. There is a thin line between religion and government. What is religion exactly? How do we as a society view religion differently than we have in the past? The relationship between government and religion is quite controversial. What are politics have to do with religion? If we as a country have the right to freedom of speech and/or beliefs, why are we keeping them hidden? Has the government taken total control without us noticing? The meaning of Spirituality is an inner path enabling a person to discover the essence of his/her being. Spiritual practices, including meditation, prayer and contemplation, are intended to develop an individuals inner life. We will write a custom essay sample on Taboo: Religion vs. Government or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whereas religion is an organized collection of beliefs and world views. Many religions have symbols and sacred histories that explain the meaning of life, origin of life and the Universe. The easiest way to define religion is to refer to it as a belief in, or the worship of a god or gods. Religion has been a significant part our society and culture since the beginning of human civilization. The origins of religious beliefs in our ancestors are uncertain, yet the great world religions started as the movements of enlightenment and revitalization for communities seeking more answers to their problems. A lack of written records results in the fact that most of the knowledge about pre-historic religion is from the archaeological records and other indirect sources. Religious belief is the belief in the reality of the mythological, supernatural, or spiritual parts of a religion. Religious belief is distinct from religious practice with some believers not practicing religion and some practitioners not believing religion. Religious beliefs often relate to the existence, characteristics and worship of a deity or deities, divine intervention in the universe and human life, or the deontological explanations for the values and practices centered on the teachings of a spiritual leader or group. To say that there is a â€Å"relationship† between government and religion is touchy. Politics are different from religion, but with our country, have a similar bond. Politics is from Greek: politikos, meaning of, for, or relating to citizens. It is also the practice and theory of influencing other people on a civic or individual level. Basically, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of organized control over a human community, which is particularly a state. The separation of church and state can signify how religion has become it’s own category. It is also the distance in the relationship between organized religion and the nation state. The phrase separation of church and state itself does not appear in the United States Constitution. The First Amendment states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. However, the first amendment seems to be twisted and manipulated quite often. Government says we have the freedom of speech, religion, beliefs, etc. Based upon biased opinions, religious discrimination takes place. The First Amendment â€Å"prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances. † This same amendment was made, on December 15, 1791, as one of the ten amendments that comprise the Bill of Rights. Religious freedom in the United States is a right. Freedom of religion or Freedom of belief is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to organized religion or belief in teaching, practice, and worship. The idea is generally known to include the freedom to change religion or to not follow any religion. The separation does not limit all elements of religion. For example, the countrys currency has the motto In God We Trust. When Congress begins its session, they begin it with a prayer. As well as the Pledge of Allegiance, which contains the phrase, one nation, under God. Court rulings have upheld these religious references, officially viewing them as non-substantive ceremonial deism. This basically is just a legal term used for religious statements that are by tradition and have no religious context. Recent lawsuits have unsuccessfully tried to challenge this term and/or view. There have been some expressions of religion on public property, including certain displays of the Ten Commandments in courtrooms or Nativity scenes on public land have been ruled to be unconstitutional. For instance, a religious group cannot perform human sacrifice under the veil of separation of church and state because the government views it as murder and murder is illegal. Have we been suppressed to hiding our faith and/or beliefs? Most people in today’s society do not want to be viewed as stupid in the age of technology, or they want to hide their beliefs in front of someone who is trying to sway their beliefs a different way. Its easier to just smile and nod. Of course persecution is a huge reason to hide beliefs as well in specific countries. The government has different views on subjects ass religion. Most of these subjects are biased or personal opinions and do not accommodate the â€Å"fine line† between them. So why is religion considered taboo? Why does the government become so contradicting when speaking about specific religious aspects of society. Clearly there is religion behind everything we have known.

Free Essays on The Medicaid Program

Introduction: The severe Depression of the 1930’s made Federal action a necessity, as neither the States and the local communities, nor private charities had the financial resources to cope with the growing need among the American people. Beginning in 1932, the Federal Government first made loans, then grants, to States, to pay for direct relief and work relief. After that, special Federal emergency relief and public works programs were started. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed to Congress economic security legislation embodying the recommendations of a specially created Committee on Economic Security. There followed the passage of the Social Security Act, signed into law August 14, 1935. History and Background: The Social Security Act established two social insurance programs on a national scale to help meet the risks of old age and unemployment: a Federal system of old-age benefits for retired workers who had been employed in industry and commerce, and a Federal- State system of unemployment insurance. The choice of old age and unemployment as the risks to be covered by social insurance was a natural development, since the Depression had wiped out much of the lifetime savings of the aged and reduced opportunities for gainful employment. The Act also provided Federal grants-in-aid to the States for the means-tested programs of Old-Age Assistance, and Aid to the Blind. These programs supplemented the incomes of persons who were either ineligible for Social Security (Old-Age and Survivors Insurance) or whose benefits could not provide a basic living. The intent of Federal participation was to encourage States to adopt such programs. The law established other Federal grants to enable States to extend and strengthen maternal and child health and welfare services, and these grants became the Aid to Families with Dependent Chi... Free Essays on The Medicaid Program Free Essays on The Medicaid Program Introduction: The severe Depression of the 1930’s made Federal action a necessity, as neither the States and the local communities, nor private charities had the financial resources to cope with the growing need among the American people. Beginning in 1932, the Federal Government first made loans, then grants, to States, to pay for direct relief and work relief. After that, special Federal emergency relief and public works programs were started. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed to Congress economic security legislation embodying the recommendations of a specially created Committee on Economic Security. There followed the passage of the Social Security Act, signed into law August 14, 1935. History and Background: The Social Security Act established two social insurance programs on a national scale to help meet the risks of old age and unemployment: a Federal system of old-age benefits for retired workers who had been employed in industry and commerce, and a Federal- State system of unemployment insurance. The choice of old age and unemployment as the risks to be covered by social insurance was a natural development, since the Depression had wiped out much of the lifetime savings of the aged and reduced opportunities for gainful employment. The Act also provided Federal grants-in-aid to the States for the means-tested programs of Old-Age Assistance, and Aid to the Blind. These programs supplemented the incomes of persons who were either ineligible for Social Security (Old-Age and Survivors Insurance) or whose benefits could not provide a basic living. The intent of Federal participation was to encourage States to adopt such programs. The law established other Federal grants to enable States to extend and strengthen maternal and child health and welfare services, and these grants became the Aid to Families with Dependent Chi...

An Effective Mechanism to Diminish Arbitrary Exercise of Discretionary Power

An Effective Mechanism to Diminish Arbitrary Exercise of Discretionary Power â€Å"If judicial review of administrative decision is the heart of administrative law, then concept of natural justice is one of the suppliers of blood to that heart. It is inherent in rule of law and our thirst for justice. † Abstract Natural justice is considered to be as old as the system of dispensation of justice itself. Since its move toward administrative adjudication, it has been the defender of fairness and justice in exercise of discretionary power of administration. The artificial distinction between judicial and administrative adjudication has blurred. Natural justice ensures the minimum procedural fairness in administrative adjudication. Right to fair hearing before an impartial and unbiased forum has been the key to ensure fairness and diminish arbitrariness in exercise of discretionary power. This paper seems to propose that the battle between fairness and arbitrariness, however, has been a continuous one and natural justice keeps its role as diminisher of arbitrariness open to play. 1 Introduction Natural justice, as a concept relating to administrative adjudication, can be defined as the unwritten law of fairness. This age-old principle has been applied to administrative and adjudication process to ensure procedural fairness and to free them from arbitrariness. In Bangladesh, there is no statute providing for procedural fairness which administration should follow in exercise of discretionary power. It is natural justice which invokes the minimum fair procedures which should be followed in administrative decision making. This paper, in part two, will show that the concept of Natural Justice and its application in Justice delivery system is not new. It seems to be as old as the system of dispensation of justice itself. The Principles were accepted as early as in the days of Adam and of Kautilya’s Arthashastra. Then this paper will move to look into how concept of natural justice was invoked into the administrative decision making. It will be  shown that initially the principles of natural justice used to be applied to courts of law alone but later on from judicial sphere it extended, to the tribunals exercising quasi-judicial functions and then to the statutory authorities and the administrative authorities, who have upon them, the responsibility of determining civil rights or obligations of the people. After examining application of the concept in administrative adjudication, the paper will concentrate in examining two basic principles of natural justice to how these principles diminish arbi trary exercise of discretionary power. In this part, it will be revealed that natural justice ensures minimum procedural fairness in administrative decision making. It precludes a partial and biased tribunal from adjudicating. It obliges the tribunal to provide show reasons of its decisions with precisions. While fair tribunal is less probable to decide arbitrarily, showing reasons for the decision decreases significantly limits the scope of whimsical and arbitrary decision making. In at the end of the paper, it will be proposed that the Battle between fairness and arbitrariness has been a continuous one and natural justice has fought to defeat arbitrariness. Since its move toward administrative adjudication, natural justice has been the defender of fairness and justice in exercise of discretionary power of administration. 2 Natural justice: the ‘unwritten law of fairness’ Natural justice implies fairness, equity and equality. This age-old principle has been applied to administrative and adjudication process to ensure procedural fairness and to free them from arbitrariness. Different jurists have described the principle in different ways. Some called it as the unwritten law (jus non scriptum) or the law of reason. It has, however not been found to be capable of being defined, but some jurists have described the principle as a great humanising principle intended to invest law with fairness to secure justice and to prevent miscarriage of justice. With the passage of time, some principles have evolved and crystallised which are well recognized principles of natural justice. Today the question of control of administrative discretionary power is perhaps the most critical and crucial problem of administrative law. In modern democracies the role and jurisdiction of administrative agencies is increasing at a rapid pace. The concept of Rule of Law would loose its validity if the instrumentalities of the State are not charged with the duty of discharging these functions in a fair and just manner. However, there is no statute laying down the minimum procedure which administrative agencies must follow while exercising decision-making powers. This minimum fair procedure refers to the principles of natural justice. Lord Viscount Haldane outlined principle of natural justice in the following word: â€Å" those whose duty it is to decide must act judicially. They must deal with the question referred to them without bias and they must give to each of the parties the opportunity of adequately presenting the case made. The decision must come to the spirit and with the sense of responsibility of a tribunal whose duty it is to meet out justice. † Natural justice, as a concept of common law, represents higher procedural principles developed by the courts, which every judicial, quasi-judicial and administrative agency must follow while taking any decision adversely affecting the rights of a private individual. The principles of natural justice were associated with a few ‘accepted rules’ which have been built up and pronounced over a long period of time. The word ‘Natural Justice’ manifests justice according to one’s own conscience. It is derived from the Roman Concept ‘jus naturale’ and ‘Lex naturale’ which meant principle of natural law, natural justice, eternal law, natural equity or good conscience. Lord Evershed, Master of the Rolls in Vionet v Barrett (1985, 55 LLJ QB, 39, Page 45) remarked, â€Å"Natural Justice is the natural sense of what is right and wrong. There is no statute laying down the minimum procedure which administrative agencies must follow while exercising decision-making powers. This minimum fair procedure refers to the principles of natural justice. Natural Justice is an expression of English common law. Lord Viscount Haldane outlined principle of natural justice in the following word: â€Å" those whose duty it is to decide must act judicially. They must deal with the question referred to them without bias and they must give to each of the parties the opportunity of adequately presenting the case made. The decision must come to the spirit and with the sense of responsibility of a tribunal whose duty it is to meet out justice. † While the term natural justice is often retained as a general concept, it has largely been replaced and extended by the more general duty to act fairly. Parpworth in his ‘Constitutional and Administrative Law’ views that linguistic difficulties with natural justice have forced the courts, in recent time, to use fairness as a concept to ensure minimum procedural propriety. Lord Parker C. J. in Re H. K. [1967] 2 Q. B. 617, 630 (C. A.) said that ‘[it] is not, as I see it, a question of acting or being required to act judicially, but of being required to act fairly’. Concept of natural justice has a close relation with fairness. The Supreme Court of India outlined the relation of fairness with natural justice in the following words: ‘Indeed, natural justice is a pervasive facet of secular law where a spiritual touch enlivens legislation, administration and adjudication, to make fairness a creed of life. It has many colours and shades, many forms and shapes and, save where valid law excludes, it applies when people are affected by acts of authority. It is the bone of healthy government†¦.. Thus ‘natural justice’, as a concept relating to administrative adjudication, can be defined as the unwritten law of fairness. In Bangladesh, there is no statute providing for procedural fairness which administration should follow in exercise of discretionary power. It is natural justice which invokes the minimum fair procedures which should be followed in administrative decision making. 3 The First Man’s experience with natural justice: A Twenty First Century Analysis The concept of Natural Justice and its application in Justice delivery system is not new. It seems to be as old as the system of dispensation of justice itself. The Principles were accepted as early as in the days of Adam and of Kautilya’s Arthashastra. According to the Bible and Quran, when Adam amp; Eve ate the fruit forbidden by God, the God did not pass sentence on Adam before he was called upon to defend himself. Concept of natural justice was known to Greek and Romans. Aristotle, before the era of Christ, spoke of such principles calling it as universal law. Justinian, in the fifth and sixth Centuries A. D. called it jura naturalia i.

Human Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Behavior - Essay Example Nonetheless, the several States possess several rules as well as regulations, due to the fear of being litigated, that teenagers give up on their prospects for their personal explorations. Thus, pools can be enclosed so that it does not issue the impression of an ‘attractive nuisance.’ Most individuals within the given area do not possess pools; however, even the streams frequented do not have symbols to mention ‘Jump at your risk,’ since it is obvious. However, why would someone decide on jumping unless they are ready to face the consequences? Accountability within the nations appears to have been considered from the individuals acting as well as placed upon the possessor of the given land; hence, making most citizens want to blame somebody else as much as possible (Peters-Golden, 2012). The author also mentions he was capable of growing up, play creatively, as well as able to explore the outdoors as well as nature freely, with the requisite element of risk ; yet, well succeeded, that is currently lacking from the typical risk-averse American childhood. Hence, the need for such police as well as laws in addition to the moral mandates to be nice to an unfamiliar person does not arise within tiny cultures, in which every individual knows everybody else.Conversely, getting to learn about a diverse group of different cultures that appear to be unique on their own. Thus, it is a relief to learn that every culture tends to possess distinctive patterns as well as practices

Portrayal of Women's Health Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Portrayal of Women's Health - Research Paper Example The portrayal of women health issues by the media plays a role in shaping opinion and influencing medical practice around such issues. Women health issues include pregnancy, abortion, female sexual organs and even hormonal issues. Scientific publications that report on women health issues, advertisements that deal around women health issues, films, television programs among other media forms have portrayed women health issues in different ways depending on what they seek to achieve. The media coverage of women health issues has been subjective and biased, objectifying women and reporting their issues in relation to their reproductive role in the society. Â  This essay seeks to discuss the media portrayal of women health issues focusing on the historical and modern views. With the understanding of the huge role that the media plays in shaping opinions in the society and subsequently influencing the medical practice, the essay seeks to discuss the issues around how women health issues are portrayed by the media. This includes issues around women’s pregnancy, female sexual organs, abortion and related issues. The issues about the women’s health are prevalent in the media ranging from television, print media, commercials, films among other media forms. Therefore, how the health issues of women are presented is important as they influence decision making about women’s health. In interrogating the fundamental issues around the portrayal of women health issues by the media, the essay seeks to put into perspective the biases, subjectivity, and sexualization of women health issues by the media that immensely affect decis ion making on the health of a woman (Lee, 1992). The findings shall be provided as well as a brief summary conclusion. Â  

Written Critique Essay Example for Free

Written Critique Essay The above article applies to financial management in terms of attaining the objective of financial management, which is to maximize the wealth of stockholders Brigham and Houston, 2002). The case fact admits the â€Å"pay-for-performance schemes offer potential benefits to shareholders in the form of reducing agency cost by better aligning shareholder and managerial interests. † By analogy, reducing agency costs is one of the concerns of financial management because of possible conflict of personal goals with shareholder wealth maximization and managerial compensation is one of the specific mechanisms to motivate managers to act in the shareholders’ interest. The case fact further admits that said â€Å"systems offer benefits and risks that must be addressed if a system is to be effective†, which is an indication that there is a balancing act that must be done as in the case of effective financial management. In the present case the doctors are being equated with managers of business organization. In business financial management the goal is maximizing shareholders’ wealth while in the case of doctors’ being motivated by providing treatment and follow up plans that could save billions of dollars and prevent unnecessary hospitalizations and deaths, the goals is minimizing health cost for the most effective health maintenance of patients. The doctors may not be working for the interest of health beneficiaries or patients if they are just being paid their fees without any bonus. Such is the very reason why as per case facts, health care plans are adopting pay-for-performance systems whereby doctors are paid cash bonuses for providing treatment and follow up plans that could save billions of dollars and prevent unnecessary hospitalizations and deaths. By analogy, a manager in a business organization must obviously be given a specified salary, which is necessary to meet living expenses, a bonus paid at the end to the year, which depends on the company’s profitability during the year and even options to buy stock, or actual shares of stock, which reward the executive for long-term performance. Managers would more likely to focus on maximizing stock prices if they are themselves stockholders (Brigham and Houston, 2002). In other words, when doctors are being motivated by being given bonus for â€Å"for providing treatment and follow up plans that could save billions of dollars and prevent unnecessary hospitalizations and deaths† they are just like finance manager’s being motivated to produce maximum wealth of stockholder. In health what is measured it attaining good health that would prevent hospitalization and debts while in financial management the goal is increasing the value of stockholder. Like any other activity, providing bonus or incentive must be kept in balance. It cannot be done that a very big bonus should be given to the executive as would amount to depriving the stockholders in their share of the dividends which has the same basis as the bonus, that is, the profits earned the company for the year. It is the very same issue in the instant case, whereby doctors and others are raising concerns over the fairness of pay-for-performance compensation to doctors and patients, allocation of income across doctors, gaming the system, and others in the instant case where it is estimated as per case fact that that the pay-for-performance compensation could account for 20% to 30% of what federal programs to pay providers in the next five to ten years. Bonus of managers then must be reasonable and fair to stockholders. References: Brigham and Houston (2002), Introduction to Financial Management, Thomson South-Western, U. S. A. Case study, Module 1, Written Critique

What is Courage? Essay -- Definition Courage Corageous Essays

What is Courage? What is courage? Is it the ability to prove yourself in war? Or the strength it takes to decide you will not fight? Is courage being yourself when you’re different from everyone else? Is it doing something that even your own father thinks you can’t do? Is courage synonymous with honor? Is it speaking up, even if doing so puts you in danger? Risking death for the person most precious to you? Or risking death for strangers? Is courage facing your fears, no matter how big or small they might be? Is it forging forward into a new life when you still miss the old one? Is courage all of these things? None of them? The following text set is designed to help ninth grade students create and examine their own definitions of courage. In addition to asking, â€Å"What is courage?† it also lends itself to the question, â€Å"Where do our conceptions of courage come from?† Courage is the focus of this text set because it is a theme that is prevalent in American society. To be courageous is considered a positive quality, but the examples of courage most often seen in the news and in history books are often narrowly defined. Students need to think more deeply about what courage really is, and to get inside the minds of so-called â€Å"courageous† people and learn about their motivations and their fears. Students will be asked to consider a wide variety of characters and situations, all of them potentially courageous, but more in depth focus will be placed on three specific categories. The first is courage during war or revolution, beyond the stereotypical portrayal of th e one-dimensional â€Å"war hero.† The second is the courage to be different from your peers or to voice your opinion even if it’s not a popular one. T... ...are designed to help them with this difficult task. By reading and thinking about a variety of possibilities of what courage is, students can both expand and come to a better understanding of their own beliefs on the subject. Through class discussions and writing activities, they can also share these beliefs with others. Works Cited Brozo, William G. and Ronald V. Schmelzer. â€Å"Wildmen, warriors, and lovers: Reaching boys through archetypal literature.† Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy 41 (1997): 4-12). Feinberg, Barbara. â€Å"Reflections on the ‘Problem Novel.’† American Educator Winter 2004-2005. 13 Apr. 2005. . Wolf, Shelby A. Interpreting Literature with Children. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers: 2004.

Iran and Us Relations

International Relations Between Iran and the United States | |Group Paper | | | |Jorge Goytizolo, Donna Linares, Reuben Mateus | |INB3550 – International Business | |Dr. Veronica Diaz, Professor | |10/10/2010 | | | We intend to present how both countries; Iran and the United States, are affected economically by the disagreeable relationship they have forged, which has further worsened due to the United Nations Security Council having added additional sanctions to Iran. Content will include: History of the US and Iran domestic and business relations. o Iran’s OPEC affiliation and history along with current Iranian decisions which are affecting its approach to business relations with the United Nations and the rest of the world. o United States affiliation with the United Nations and how our latest decision towards Iran is affecting the UN and its approach to the business policies with Iran. o US and Iran International Business approach to the world. o Direct US and Iran Relations. History of the US and Iran domestic and business relations. The History of United States-Iran relations date back to the 1800’s, but has become more volatile in just over the last half century.One cannot discuss United States-Iranian history without observing the 1953 Coup, which has been cited as the â€Å"turning point† in United States-Iran relations. The 1953 Coup was a covert operation headed by America's Central Intelligence Agency and has been documented as the Agency's first successful overthrow of a foreign government. The Aim of the 1953 Coup, code named Operation AJAX, was to bring to power an Iranian government â€Å"which would reach an equitable oil settlement, enabling Iran to become economically sound and financially solvent, and which would vigorously prosecute the dangerously strong Communist Party† (Iran Chamber Society, n. d. ) â€Å"Early in the 1960's, the Shah of Iran, announced social and economic reforms but refused to grant broad political freedom.Iranian Nationalist condemned his United States supported regime and his westernizing of Iran. During rioting in 1963, the Shah cracked down, suppressing his opposition. Among those arrested and exiled was a popular religious nationalist and bitter foe of the United States, the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini† (Jimmy Carter Library ; Museum, 2006). During his United States backed reign, the Shah spent billions of oil dollars on military weapons, but soon began to lose popular support. â€Å"Unable to sustain economic progress and unwilling to expand democratic freedoms, the Shah's regime collapsed in revolution† (Jimmy Carter Library & Museum, 2006), causing him to flee January 16, 1979.With the departure of the Shah, the exiled Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned to Iran in February of 1979 bringing rabid anti-Americanism with him. Amidst rumor and fear of another United States led Coup and a return to power of the exiled Shah Reza Pahlavi, a group from the Iranian Student Union took matters into their own hands by seizing the American Embassy. Inside the American Embassy the students held 52 Americans hostage for 444 days. The United States responded by freezing billions of Iranian assets, including bank deposits, gold, and other property. This event became known as the 1979 Hostage Crisis. The 1979 Hostage Crisis had drawn domestic criticisms against President Jimmy Carter.Criticisms of President Carter further grew with failed rescue attempts of the American hostages, some of which resulted in the deaths of American Soldiers whose bodies were paraded in front of television cameras by angry Iranians. This political nightmare prevented President Carter's bid for re-election and promptly came to a close the day President Ronald Regan was inaugurated January 20, 1981. The Iran-Iraq War, which lasted from 1980-1988, played a significant role in United States-Iran relations. The United Nations Security Council issued resolutions calling for all its member states to avoid from contributing to the Iran-Iraq conflict, and is why the United States initially decided to take a neutral position.Although it had supplied both countries with weapons, the United States decided that an Iranian win would prove to be detrimental to their interests in the region and began to place their support behind an Iraqi Regime led by President Saddam Hussein. This support came in the form of loans, some of which benefited United States industries and all while the country of Iran was being hammered with many American enforced sanctions. In the 1990's the United States placed more sanctions on Iran. In 1995, President Bill Clinton banned United States investments with Iran, prohibiting all commercial and financial transactions with Iran. This measure was unfortunate, as trade relations between the two nations had begun to increase after the end of the Iran-Iraq War.In 1996, the United States passed into law one of its most stringen t measures to affect Iran, the Iran-Libya Sanctions Act. Designed to prevent Iran's ability to get its hands on weapons of mass destruction and fund terrorist groups, the Iran-Libya Sanction Act imposed penalties on all foreign companies that provided investments over $20 million dollars for the development of Energy Sector (petroleum) in Iran. Any progress made in United States-Iran relations late in President Clinton's second term was soon forgotten, as the new American President George W. Bush came into office. The events on September 11, 2001 have scarred relations between America and Iran to a point that appears irreparable.Although Iran was not involved in the 9/11 attacks, the United States feels Iran harbors and supports the terrorist who threaten America and it's interests. The United States and Iran are not at war, but both countries have peppered each other over the last decade with rhetorical missiles. Some of the accusations include the fear of Iran's nuclear weapons am bitions and its alleged membership to the â€Å"Axis of Evil†, while Iran feels the encroachment of United States military bases in the region provide reason for furthering armaments and political jousting. Despite each country's contempt for each other the two countries continue to do business together. â€Å"U. S. Exports to Iran grew more than tenfold during President Bush's years in office even as sponsoring terrorist† (Associated Press, 2008).The Bush Administration used sanction exemptions to ship a variety of goods to Iran ranging from perfume and fur clothing to cigarettes and bull semen. Both the United States and Iran joined the United Nations on October 24, 1945, however the United States represents 1 of 5 permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and Iran is currently not even a non-permanent member. Although Iran is not a member of the Security Council, it has two powerful allies in China and Russia who are permanent members. The latest deci sions towards Iran have obviously been affecting the regulations now imposed by the United Nations Security Council. Sanctions issued by the Security Council are primarily intended to disrupt progress in Iran's ability to obtain nuclear weapons and build it's military.United States Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice announced at the Security Council meeting that the resolution will target 40 entities and one individual, Javad Rihiqi, head of a nuclear center where the Iranian government possesses uranium. It was reported that China, one of Iran's largest trading partners, had pushed back on more stringent language, saying that broader restrictions – especially those targeting Iran's Central Bank –would â€Å"harm Iran's day-to-day economy† (Wagner, 2010). Russia has been reluctant to support United States backed sanctions, as Iran and Russia trade in the range of billions of dollars annually. From 2002 to 2008 Russia and China exported a combined 80 per cent (by dollar value) of Iran's arms.These sanctions are now being recognized not only within the United Nations Security Council, but also by financial powers, such as the European Union. Under the strain of sanctions and the Iran-Libya Sanction Act, some members of the European Union have been critical of the United States causing it to compromise on the first project cited as a violation of the Iran-Libya Sanctions Act by waiving sanctions on the 2 billion dollar project. â€Å"The Clinton Administration announced the waiver on May 18, 1998, citing national interest, after the European Union pledged to increased cooperation with the United States on non-proliferation and counter-terrorism† (Katzman, 2003).The Bush Administration decided followed suit with collaborative efforts with the European Union and its members to limit Iran's nuclear ambitions and terrorism sponsorship, preserving the path for future sanction waivers. Iran’s OPEC affiliation and history |Iran ’s OPEC Affiliation began early in the 1960’s,when a meeting request was made to the oil companies operating in Venezuela and in the | |middle east by the Venezuelan minister of mines and the Saudi Oil minister, to consult with the â€Å"hosting† countries before any price | |changes were made. Attending this meeting were the representatives of Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. In that atmosphere,| |the foundation of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries was formed. Hamilton, 1983) Currently, the Organization has a total of| |12 Member Countries. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent, intergovernmental Organization, created | |at the Baghdad Conference on September 10–14, 1960, presently with its meeting headquarters located now in Vienna, Austria (OPEC, 2007). | |OPEC's objectives still today is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable | |prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital | |to those investing in the industry (OPEC, 2007).Iran’s business relation in regards to its affiliation with the United Nations has been | |weakened in most part because of the correlation with the United States. Currently we have seen that the US has tried to prove time and | |time again that the monies directly benefiting Iran through their returns from the oil, and gas sector are being funneled into making the | |country a nuclear power (Alverez, 2009). Iran, OPEC’s second largest exporter with an output of 4. 2 million barrels per day, traditionally | |pushes for higher prices. It is also one of the most dependent on oil exports, with some 80 percent of its foreign revenue coming from oil | |sales (OPEC, 2007).In addition to this, Masoud Mir-Kazemi as Iran’s new oil minister stated in August that Iran plans to offer 5 billion | |Euros in bonds by 2015 to help Iran finance government projects (Nagaraj, 2010). This is indubitably leading the UN to assume the | |â€Å"projects† are those of a nuclear matter and are beginning to take steps in the agreement of sanctions until it can prove otherwise. | |Business relations with the United Nations | |The U. N. Security Council approved a resolution calling for a new round of sanctions aimed at pressuring Iran on its nuclear program. The | |measure passed with 12 countries voting for it, Brazil and Turkey voting against and Lebanon abstaining (Wagner,2010).Mir-Kazemi said his | |country already sold some 250 million Euros ($342 million) bonds in foreign markets. He also said the countries which pursue the sanctions | |have managed only to deprive themselves of the chance to tap into some of the world’s largest proven reserves of conventional crude oil. | |â€Å"If they want to have a secure long-term energy supply, they have to inve st in Iran’s oil industry,† he said (Nagaraj,2010). Iran well | |aware of its abundant natural resource knows it has negotiating power. They continually stand by the fact that they state the nuclear | |significance is only linked to bettering its country’s infrastructure with plants to provide power and energy .In 2009, the 25-3 vote by | |the International Atomic Energy Agency, the UN's nuclear watchdog, was then seen as a sign of deepening exasperation over the impasse when | |they stated that Iran had the right to generate nuclear power for peaceful purposes, which is what is says it wants to do (Alverez, 2009). | |It has been asked by the IAEA to discuss evidence of warhead-related research activities but has refused. Having been caught cheating in | |the past, its repeated denials have little credibility (Alverez, 2009). This is where the UN has its most concerns focused on. | |The UN wants more transparency to this project and with Iran denial to the inspec tions; they then feel pressed to pursue the newer | |sanctions.The resolution puts in place travel bans and financial restrictions on individuals and entities involved in Iranian nuclear | |and/or ballistic missile activities, including those owned, controlled or acting on behalf of Iran's elite Revolutionary Guard Corps. It | |also includes an arms embargo and pushes for inspection of ships suspected of carrying cargo that may be involved in Iran's nuclear program| |(Wagner, 2010). | |With a history stemming back almost more than a quarter of a century the latest round of imposed sanctions on Iran by the US have been the | |toughest we have seen yet. These sanctions are now being recognized not only within the Security Council of the UN but also by financial | |powers such as the EU.These entities continue their efforts trying to persuade all countries financial institutes not to deal with Iran. | |US and Iran International Business approach to the world | |United States and Iran h ave two totally different approaches. United States promotes open markets, competitiveness and innovation. United | |States also promotes sustainable development and corporate responsibility, supported by international engagement and prudent regulation. | |All these activities and efforts are monitored and guided by the USCIB (United States Council for International Business).As the whole | |world is trying to move from recession, United States promotes open markets along with competitiveness and innovation; we can see it in all| |the international summits, meetings in which United States participates. An example of this was when United States (USCIB) took the leading| |role n the G8 business summit in Italy. United States also was one of the participants of the G20 business summit in London in which the | |world’s largest economies agreed to a $1. 1 trillion package of measure to restore growth, jobs and rebuild confidence and trust in the | |financial system. All these coun tries including United States came together to fight the economy recession. United States has the same | |ideas and goals towards international businesses and wants to make it work around the world. |On the other hand we have Iran that overshadowed all the efforts for world progress and development by not being in compliance with its | |international obligations and announcing the development of its nuclear program. | |Iran’s approach to international business is little. Iran is part of the OPEC, which we had previously discussed. The main reason why | |Iran’s does business with other countries is to aid its goals in becoming a powerful nuclear country. The reason why Iran’s is so hungry | |for nuclear power is because it feels the need to protect itself against the development of capitalism, especially in other countries such | |as like the ones geographically close (Israel). Iran’s government is linked to the country religious beliefs.New movements with in the | |country itself are trying to change this approach towards the world by gearing and convincing its citizens that capitalism will help the | |country get out of their financial crisis. Unfortunately, Iran, like many other countries, is being divided by two social classes; the | |educated and professional middle class and the laborers or poor class. The laborers or poor class are the majority on this country; they | |support the actual government (President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad) and his decisions. Once Iran and its citizens make the decision that opening | |up and cooperating with the world they may realize that it would improve their country’s establishment. |Direct US and Iran Business Relations | |Based on the research made by a renown New York times reporter and veteran correspondent, Stephen Kinzer; he recommend the alliance of | |Iran, United States and Turkey would the best way to increase the business and politics relations between these 3 countries. He stated t hat| |it would be a radical new course for the United States in the Middle Eastern region. The United States need to partner with Iran and Turkey| |to create a â€Å"powerful triangle† whose activities would promote a culture democracy and combat extremism. This is a debatable argument. At | |this time we have Iran, rule by radical ideologies and have set its mind on a burgeoning nuclear program.As we all know this one of United| |State government’s biggest headaches. Stephen Kinzer also reiterated that we have to remember that although Turkey is a long time United | |States ally, their relations has been deteriorated in the past years. An example of this deterioration it can be seen on an incident placed| |on last June where the relationship between these two countries was tested, Turkey’s representative on the UN Security Council voted | |against United States regarding backed sanctions on Iran. At this moment most of the United States government is asking the mselves â€Å"Who | |lost Turkey? † rather than envisioning more extensive cooperation with this country. | |Even hough United States and Iranian relations are a long term project and the idea has ample grounding in the modern history and politics| |of the region; unlike other Muslim countries Iran has a century worth of experience struggling for political freedom, during which they | |â€Å"developed an understanding of democracy and they are longing for it†. | |Unites States and Iran do share some fundamental values. Both countries have educated middle class, as we all know the middles classes are | |the basis for a strong civil society and also the two countries share strategic goals. Some of these common goals are the desire to see | |Iraq and Afghanistan stabilized and to suppress radical movements such as the Sunnis and Al Qaeda. |Though this alliance or relations would not be achieve at this moment or in today’s worlds until Iran changes dramatically and turn into | |democracy before any relations could be formed. | |One way this relation could happen still unclear but in the meantime Stephen Kinzer proposes a twofold strategy: engage with the current | |regime as effectively as possible and wait for the day democratically minded masses make their way to power. Though there are some | |processes of engagement in the Obama administration’s stated policy; Kinzer urges Washington to be bolder and to launch a â€Å"direct, | |bilateral, comprehensive, and unconditional negotiations with Tehran.This process of engagement was practiced by President Nixon and his | |diplomatic breakthrough with communist China when at the time of the US-Vietnam war Beijing was selling weapons to North Vietnam to kill | |Americans. Nixon recognized that â€Å"diplomacy works the opposite way. Agreement comes first; changes in behavior follow†. In order to | |â€Å"activate† the direct US relations with Iran, US diplomacy needs to give Iranians what they are looking for â€Å"respect, dignity and | |restoration of lost of pride† We have to remember us-USA is dealing with a nation ten times older than ourselves and the key to turn to | |better relationships with Iran is not to make Iran’s regime feel more threatened; it is to make it feel more secure. | | | | | | | | References Akyol, M. (2010, September). An unlikely trio. Foreign Affairs, 89(5), 124-129. (Akyol, 2010) Alverez, J. (2009). In the era of a new presidency, a new us. policy towards the united nations? : us policies towards and in the un security council. ISIA Journal of International ; Comparative Law, 15(319), 228-231. Associated Press. (2008, July 8). Despite Conflict, U. S. Does Business with Iran.Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/25588135 Hamilton, J. (1983). Oil and macro economy since World War II. Journal of Political Economy, 91(2). Harvey, C. , Sabatini, R. (2010, April 15). Russia's Lukewarm Suppo rt for International Sanctions Against Iran: History and Motivations. Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http://www. nti. org/e_research/e3_russia_lukewarm_sanctions_against_iran. html Iran Chamber Society. (n. d. ). A Short Account of 1953 Coup. Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http://www. iranchamber. com/history/coup53/coup54p1. php Jimmy Carter Library & Museum. (2006, February 9). The Hostage Crisis in Iran.Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http://www. jimmycarterlibrary. gov/documents/hostages. phtml Katzman, K. (Updated 2003, July 31). The Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA). Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http://fpc. state. gov/documents/organization/23591. pdf Kinzer, S. (2010). Iran, Turkey and America’s future. Time Books, 274 London Summit. (2009). Summit Outcomes. Retrieved from: http://www. londonsummit. gov. uk/en/summit-aims/timeline-events/summit-outcomes McMahon, Robert. (Updated 2006, April 4). Iran, the United Nations, and Sanctions. Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http://www. cfr. org/publication/10222/iran_the_united_nations_and_sanctions. html Nagaraj, A. (2010).Iran has some of the world's richest oil reserves but has not been able to fully utilize it due to production and refining constraints. International Business , Retrieved from http://www. ibtimes. com/articles/64168/20100921/us-un-sanctions-turkey-iran-middle-east. htm Nasr, V. (2009). The rise of Islamic capitalism: Why the new Muslim middle class is the key to defeating extremism. New York, NY: Free Press. The National Security Archive. (2003, February 25). Shaking Hands with Saddam Hussein: The US Tilts toward Iraq, 1980-1984. Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http:www. gwu. edu/~nsarchive/NSAEBB/NSABB82/ (References continued) OPEC. (2007, April 29). Member countries.Retrieved from http://www. opec. org/opec_web/en/ on September 18, 2010 Wagner, A. (White House Correspondent). (2010). United nations security council backs new sanctions on iran. [Web]. Retrieved from h ttp://www. politicsdaily. com/2010/06/08/iran-united-nations-sanctions-and-the-new-world-order/ Nova Southeastern University Farquhar Center for Undergraduate Studies Business ; Administrative Studies Division Assignment for Course: INB 3550 International Business Submitted to: Dr. Veronica Diaz Submitted by: Donna M Linares, on Behalf of Group : Jorge Goytizolo, Donna Linares, Reuben Mateus 9118 Palos Verde Dr Orlando FL 32825 07-625-1854 NSU N00717427 Date Submission Due: October 9th 2010 Title of Assignment: Group Paper Project CERTIFICATION OF AUTHORSHIP: I certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully acknowledged and disclosed in the paper. I have also cited any sources from which I used data, ideas, or words, either quoted directly or paraphrased. I have added quotes whenever I used more than three consecutive words from another writer. I also certify that this paper was prepared by me specifically for this course. S tudent's Signature: ___DM Linares__________________ Instructor's Grade on Assignment: Instructor's Comments:

Advantages of living in a vilage Essay

There are several advantages to living in villages. To Begin with, generally villages have healthy ‎and pleasant weather, which makes people feel healthy and gives them a lot of energy. Also, ‎the food of rural people is more natural and healthier. Living in a good condition lead to ‎physical and mental health. In contrast, owing to various pollutions, which exist in cities, a vast ‎number of urban people suffer from health problems such as heart disease or breathing ‎problems.‎ see more:life in the countryside essay Moreover, the cost of living in villages is lower compared to cities. Since village life is plain and ‎simple, there is no willing to luxury in this lifestyle and many people who live in villages ‎prepare their own needs. For instance, rural people have a limited number of clothes, all of ‎them are quite simple, and mostly they sew their clothes. In addition to basic needs, some ‎expenses in cities are meaningless in villages, such as daily transportation cost. Another point is ‎that high cost of living in cities compels the people to face too much stress.‎ Last but not least, villages offer a relaxed and joyful atmosphere which most urban people are ‎deprived of. Rural lifestyle is a reflection of living in nature. The beauty of the nature Is ‎completely visible in villages. In addition, the people who live in villages participate in local ‎festivals and celebration that are simple and fun. Relationships in villages are close. Thus, rural ‎people are care for each other. All of these make the village people live happier.‎ There are several advantages to living in villages. To Begin with, generally villages have healthy ‎and pleasant weather, which makes people feel healthy and gives them a lot of energy. Also, ‎the food of rural people is more natural and healthier. Living in a good condition lead to ‎physical and mental health. In contrast, owing to various pollutions, which exist in cities, a vast ‎number of urban people suffer from health problems such as heart disease or breathing ‎problems.‎ Moreover, the cost of living in villages is lower compared to cities. Since village life is plain and ‎simple, there is no willing to luxury in this lifestyle and many people who live in villages ‎prepare their own needs. For instance, rural people have a limited number of clothes, all of ‎them are quite simple, and mostly they sew their clothes. In addition to basic needs, some ‎expenses in cities are meaningless in villages, such as daily transportation cost. Another point is ‎that high cost of living in cities compels the people to face too much stress.‎ Last but not least, villages offer a relaxed and joyful atmosphere which most urban people are ‎deprived of. Rural lifestyle is a reflection of living in nature. The beauty of the nature Is ‎completely visible in villages. In addition, the people who live in villages participate in local ‎festivals and celebration that are simple and fun. Relationships in villages are close. Thus, rural ‎people are care for each other. All of these make the village people live happier.‎

Domestic Violence Essays

Domestic Violence Essays Domestic Violence Paper Domestic Violence Paper Domestic violence is considered as one of the most serious issues the world has been fighting since ancient times. The worldwide estimate of the United Nations reports that approximately 20 to 50 percent women have been physically abused by a member of the family, most frequently by an intimate partner (Kimmel 1332). In the United States, domestic violence is also regarded as a significant problem of society that needs to be addressed. The results of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) in 2001 reported nearly 700,000 incidents of intimate partner violence, wherein approximately 85 percent of the victims are female (Rennison). Meanwhile, there are 2. 3 to 10 million children who are exposed to domestic abuse annually, 70 percent of whom are maltreated as well (Rossman, Hughes, and Rosenberg; Fantuzzo and Mohr; qtd in Summers 8). Defining Domestic Violence One of the concerns of researchers when studying domestic violence is the variations in defining the term itself. For instance, the word â€Å"domestic† which implies â€Å"within the household† may be too broad of a term and may leave out violence that occurs apart from the incidents that take place within the immediate household, such as the abuse involving dating couples (Summers 14). However, Hester, Pearson, and Harwin attempted to provide a clear definition that can eliminate the differences in interpretations: â€Å"any violent or abusive behavior (whether physical, sexual, psychological, emotional, verbal, financial, etc. ) which is used by one person to control and dominate another with whom they have or have had a relationship† (qtd in Summers 14). With this definition, even those whom do not live in the same house but have a relationship in one way or another can be included, such as ex-spouses, unmarried partners, and same-sex partners (Summers 14). Domestic violence has substantial effects in the lives of individuals, young children, families, and communities (Domestic Violence Policy). Men and women as Victims of Domestic Violence Domestic violence does not rule out anyone from becoming a victim. Regardless of age, gender and social status, anyone can be victimized. Hence, although women have been reported as a primary victim of domestic violence, there are also cases of domestic violence where the victims are men (Summers 15). Many pregnant women suffer from domestic violence. An example of instances of abuse is when husbands do not provide the proper medication needed for their pregnancy. Other cases involve verbal abuse of pregnant women, and some may even involve forced sexual intercourse, resulting in premature labor, child abnormalities, or miscarriage. The absence of concern and care to the expecting wife may also lead to unsuccessful pregnancy. Domestic violence during pregnancy also includes continuous wife beating and infidelity (Mayo Clinic) The idea that men are also victims of domestic violence appears implausible or even impossible for many, due to the seemingly dominant and powerful nature of the former. In addition, women have been the predominant victim of domestic abuse across ages and cultures (Conner). Contrary to this public belief, men also experience domestic violence. Those who engage in a male to male relationship are also common victims of domestic violence. They experience abuse via forced sex, stalking and physically assault by their male cohabitant. Male victims usually do not file complains about domestic violence. This is because they are afraid to be criticized by people as most of them want to preserve their image of being strong, masculine and can never be defeated by anyone (Fee, Brown, Lazarus, and Theerman 1908). Violence among the elderly is also another case of domestic violence. Majority of cases of abuse of elders in the U. S. were perpetrated by their spouses or partners (Harris qtd in National Center on Elder Abuse [NCEA] 1). In a study conducted by Wilke and Linton, they discovered that women who are older are more likely to be abused for a prolonged period of time than the younger ones (qtd in NCEA 1). They are also more inclined to stay in a violent relationship and develop physical health and psychological problems (Wilke and Linton qtd in NCEA 1). Child abuse, on the other hand, involves physical abuse for most cases. Many of the unwanted children are caused by unwanted pregnancies. The frustrations and disappointments of the parents are later on passed to the innocent child. Children also become victims of sexual abuse by their fathers who also batter their wives (â€Å"Domestic Violence Assessment Policy†). Underlying Causes and Effects of Domestic Violence Preventing domestic violence also includes understanding its causes and what are the components of a healthy and nonviolent family. It is really hard to determine the underlying causes of domestic violence since no research has affirmed a single cause that has been the consistent reason for all cases of domestic violence. There are many theories that attempt to explain the cause of domestic abuse which differ and sometimes overlap each other. Although there are differences, the commonalities from each theory serve as a good basis to counter the issue on domestic violence (Wolfe and Jaffe 134). Biological Theory This theory asserts that violent behaviors of individuals are based on biological and organic factors. It can easily identified using biochemistry and genetics study which traces brain development and changes that are brought about by traumatic experiences. One example of this is when a child accumulates head injury during childhood. This can affect how the brain functions and as he grows up, may influence his or her problem-solving skills and result in impulsive behavior, which later on leads to more violent behavior (Wolfe and Jaffe 134). Individual Psychopathology Theory Individual psychopathology is also known as dysfunctional personality structure of a person. This is caused by biological factors experienced during childhood. It happens when an individual witnesses domestic violence which causes him or her to experience difficulties in trusting the people around him. The traumatic experience may also affect the way he or she deals with other people and prevent him or her to develop healthy relationships. This causes anxiety, depression, insecurity and some criminal indicators like being antisocial (Wolfe and Jaffe 134). Couple and Family Interactions Theory Family relationship plays a great role in shaping the behavior of a person. Thus, this theory is traced from the family system. Domestic violence can also be caused by faulty interactions among family members (Wolfe and Jaffe 134). Social Learning and Development Theory Violence is used by some people as a method of discipline. Hence, this theory suggests that behaviors are formed based on observations from other people. When children witnesses adults who are fighting and hurting each other, they may think and believe that it is acceptable to hurt others because it solves the conflict and misunderstanding. Thus, when they grow up, they may use violence to deal with conflict (Wolfe and Jaffe 135). Social Structure Theory The stereotypical notion of male dominance makes domestic violence more available. This theory views societys way of treating men and women. Male domination causes abuse over women and children on the aspects of physical, economical and political control (Wolfe and Jaffe 135). Effects of Domestic Violence on Victims Domestic violence really causes traumatic effects on the victims. But aside from the trauma, there are health injuries and physical injuries made by the abuser on their victims. There are instances that medical attention is needed to cure those injuries made through physical attacks. Effects of domestic violence in the form of physical attack result in bruises and minor scratches. Worse physical effects are fractured bones and diseases from sexual contacts (Bragg 26). Emotional traumas are also at hand because of domestic violence. It causes anxiety, depression, substance abuse, panic attacks and post-traumatic stress disorder. The victims may also commit suicide and develop mental illnesses. A child who is exposed to domestic violence is more likely to experience psychiatric disorders. Going to school will also be difficult as well as dealing with other people (American Psychiatric Association [APA]). The harmful effects of domestic violence are also reflected in the ability of the parents to raise their children. It affects the parents behavior negatively by experiencing stress and depression. The parent-child relationship often ends up broken. Victims of domestic violence wanted to avoid repeating history which explains why they are trying their best to become the greatest parents. However, such effort to provide the right support, nurturance and guidance to their children is not easy since they did not experience care and affection from their parents who previous abused them. There are also situations wherein parents do not know how to give emotional and physical support to their children because of emotional exhaustion and depression (Bragg 27). There are also studies showing that most victims of domestic violence maltreat their children in the future. Some parents use physical force as form of punishment and disciplinary measures. In return it affects the children behavior because it causes a child to rebel against the parents who hurt them (Bragg 27). Conclusion Domestic violence is one great problem among families in the society. It destroys relationship and hinders personal growth of family members. It is an act that if not prevented immediately can lead to criminal cases. Awareness and safety will aid everyone about domestic violence. The aforementioned causes of domestic violence can be use as signs to predict the occurrence of domestic violence. When a person experiences being domestically abused, there are ways to get out of the regretful experience. Victims can seek for help from other family members and friends. At the same time, there are organizations and 24-hour hotlines that will rescue them from their abusers. Family is where the heart is and there is no better way to settle things than having honest communication constantly. This will avoid domestic violence and at the same time develop good and harmonious family relationship. American Psychiatric Association. â€Å"Let’s Talk Facts About Domestic Violence. † HealthyMinds. org. 18 April 2008 healthyminds. org/multimedia/domesticviolence. pdf Bragg, H. Lien. â€Å"Child Protection in Families Experiencing Domestic Violence. † U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children’s Bureau, Office on Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect, 2003. 18 April 2008 childwelfare. gov/pubs/usermanuals/domesticviolence/domesticviolence. pdf Conner, Michael G.. â€Å"About Domestic Violence Against Men. † Oregon Counseling. 20 May 2007. 18 April 2008. oregoncounseling. org/Handouts/DomesticViolenceMen. htm Domestic Violence. Medline Plus (2006). 18 April 200 nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/domesticviolence. html. â€Å"Domestic Violence is a Serious, Widespread Social Problem in America: The Facts. † Family Violence Prevention Fund. 2008. 18 April 2008 http://endabuse. org/resources/facts/. â€Å"Domestic Violence Assessment Policy. † Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (2008). Fee, Elizabeth, Theodore M. Brown, Jan Lazarus, and Paul Theerman. â€Å"Domestic Violence-Medieval and Modern. † American Journal of Public Health, 92 (2002):1908. PubMed Central 16 April 2008 Accession number PMC1447351 Kimmel, Michael S. â€Å"Gender symmetry in Domestic Violence: a Substantive and Methodological Research Review. † Violence Against Women, Special Issue: Women’s Use of Violence in Intimate, Relationships, Part 1. 8 (2001): 1332–1363. Mayo Clinic. â€Å"Domestic violence toward women: Recognize the patterns and seek help. † MayoClinic. com. 18 April 2008 mayoclinic. com/print/domestic-violence/WO00044/METHOD=print National Center on Elder Abuse. â€Å"Domestic Violence: Older Women Can Be Victims Too. † National Center on Elder Abuse Fact Sheet. 2005. 18 April 2008 ncea. aoa. gov/NCEAroot/Main_Site/pdf/publication/OLDERWOMEN2-COLUMNFINAL10-11-05. pdf â€Å"National Coalition Against Domestic Violence†. National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. 2005. 16 April 2008 ncadv. org/. Summers, Alicia. Children’s Exposure to Domestic Violence. National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, 2006. Safe Start Center. 18 April 2008 safestartcenter. org/pdf/childrensexpostoviolence. pdf Wolfe, David A. and Peter G.. Jaffe. â€Å"Emerging Strategies in the Prevention of Domestic Violence. † Domestic Violence and Children, 9 (1999): 133-144. 18 April 2008 futureofchildren. org/usr_doc/vol9no3Art10. pdf

Cultural and Economic Forces in the Maintenance of Reproduction of Essay

Cultural and Economic Forces in the Maintenance of Reproduction of Social Inequality - Essay Example There is certainly the difference of social class due to economic differences. The wealthy and poor are discriminated not only by money but by their appearance and cloths also. The social class has mobility unlike racial stratification. For e.g. some maids may be working to support their studies and after which they will be working in higher paying and more skilled jobs which would take them to higher class socially. The maids and the hotel guests are two poles of different social class based on their economic conditions. The two groups have homogeneity within the group while great difference between the groups. Hence it is better explained by economic polarization of Esteban and Ray (As cited in Palacios-Gonzlez and Garca-Fernndez 1). The polarization differs from inequality in the sense that as the income increases the inequality decreases. The income is considered around the global mean while the polarization centers on many factors. As the polarization increases the social confli ct also increases (Mogues and Carter (4). It is true, though, that the different class of hotel maids put them at culturally disadvantaged position as well. They are excluded from high culture group and restricted in their cultural practices (Benett et al 268). It is to be noted here that the cultural capital alone is not sufficient to remove such class inequality, possession of social capital is necessary to give future generations advantages or being the high social class citizen. In other words the social class with economic capital provide transmission and reproduction of social advantages to next generation while lack of these results in exclusion from advantageous social class (Benett et al 268-269). Case 2- Minorities in the bus (William Harry Shipps) : The minorities including the black Americans had taken to travel en mass in particular buses and avoid those carrying predominantly white people. The racial and ethnic basis of social inequality still continues despite the abolition of slavery in USA. The Marxist view considers inequalities unacceptable though at the same time it finds these inevitable as consequences of unequal availability of cultural and economic capital. According to them the system allows uninterrupted access to strategic and basic resources to some people while restricting access of these to others. Moreover, different groups in social hierarchy are placed at various social distances in terms of cultural and other factors. This different access to opportunities is explained by a number of ideological explanation that not only maintain the social distances but also make these look normal and inevitable (Bartlett 199-200). As a result Marxist explain class as group's ability to own or access a good and that whe re blacks and other American minorities are still at disadvantage. The other reasons for persistence, of this social inequality, is non-mobility that makes racial categories inert for very long time compared to the social class categories. For e.g. blacks are considered as racially subordinate group when it comes to education and occupational opportunities. These opportunities overlook the individual qualities and

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Methods - Essay Example The influence of social network sites in Regents College University students Background and Introduction Considering that man is a social being, the desire to remain in contact with others and share thoughts as well as feelings have led to the invention of various social media platforms. The social network sites have made it possible for individuals to keep in touch, just by the click of a button. Thus, people can share files including their photographs, while also chatting in real-time with other people from different parts of the world. Students can discuss ideas and assignments over the social network sites, either with their colleagues or even their instructors. Thus, social network sites have helped advance communication and connectivity for people, students inclusive. Nevertheless, the social network sites and their activities have become so much addictive, that people spend most of their times there, forgetting to attend to other important issues. Social network sites are a ma jor cause of distractions to students, affecting their performance and grades. ... It has been pivotal in assisting students undertake their research and accomplish their assignments with great ease, compared to when they could be looking for information from the library books (Conley, 2011 n.p.). The advantage of students using the internet for their research is the fact that, it has a wide range of information, dating from the very old archival information, to recently done studies in different fields (Wankel, 2012 p36). In addition, the internet has provided social communication networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Second Life, LinkedIn, among many others (Marti?nez & Wartman, 2009 p73). Considering that such social networks are free and open for anyone to join, they have attracted millions of people, mostly the younger generation, who are mostly students. While such communication networks have allowed them to connect and keep in touch with others, they have caused the students a great deal of distraction, making them spend most of their time on those sites, at t he expense of concentrating in class work (Fewkes & McCabe, 2012 p94). Methodology Quantitative method of research was applied in the study, where questionnaires were prepared and distributed to students. The questionnaires sought to find the time that each individual student spends on the social network sites, every day. Additionally, the questionnaires were formulated to collect information regarding which particular times students visited the social sites, either during the day or at night. The questionnaire also collected information regarding the nature of activities that students undertake on the social sites, with a view to understand whether the activities were communication or research oriented. A sample of 20 students was selected from each class undertaking various

Capstone PROJECT Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capstone PROJECT - Article Example Martin Luther King was one of the major champions of great principle, laboring and sacrificed his life to advance the cause the equal rights for all individuals within United States of America (Bloom & Blake Web). Various people have discussed about the American dream but so far it has never been achieved Short documentary film to be created by own cinematic masterpiece in a showcase (Crosby et al Web). My opinion and belief on the American dream is that it will one day be achieved (Gibson &Mark Web). The impact of achieving the American dream will provides the people of American the first chance to job opportunities. The objectives should reflect the past and present beliefs, values and experiences. Further, the objectives try to demonstrate the thoughtful consideration of rhetorical choices to achieve the purpose (Kopple Web). To admire the political rights to all including the Republic and Democrats, the leaders elected are supposed to be committed. However, it helps in gaining a proper critical distance while considering the King’s advice (Mailer Web). The King suggested people to love their enemies in order to foster the development and continuity of the people within the United States. The project will have a professional quality workmanship. This can be achieved through proper working skills in collecting the necessary information’s (Newlin Web). Further, the parameter should contain a meaningful and purposeful chosen text track that can provides understandable and content of the American Dream (Ramsay Web). While using the while using visuals and audios, both should have an open meaning to allow quick understanding to the people of the United States. The process of projects varies with the choice of the researcher. However, the process used should have maximum provision of evidence and facts to all individuals (Obama Web). Use of the photographs is always preferred since it always tries to provide facts and is durable.

ETHICS DAY QUESTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ETHICS DAY QUESTIONS - Essay Example This simply means that people confirm and acknowledge that the religious teaching on doing unto others what one wants others to do unto thyself is evidently grounded on ethical and moral codes. In one’s experience, religion, through teachings like the Ten Commandments, provide guidelines for doing what is right and abiding by universal standards of morality and ethics. This is most applicable in situations and cultures where teachings have been imbibed and transferred from one generation to another. Likewise, one also believes that some people could abide by moral and ethical standards; and yet assert that they are not affiliated with any religious groups. A public figure, Barack Obama, who exemplifies or exhibits an ethical theory that best fits this person is utilitarianism, or asserting that actions should be conducted based on the potential outcome of benefitting the greatest number of people for the greater good. Obama’s religion was noted to be Christian (Lederman, 2013). As the President of the United States, a nation known to promote diversity, he is expected to be unbiased in practicing the religion that varied people prefer. As such, the most viable ethical theory is the promotion of utilitarianism which fits Obama, as the president of a powerful and democratic nation. Lederman, J. (2013, October 19). Obamas Religion Is Out Of Spotlight But Christian Spirituality Serves During Tough Times. Retrieved from Huffington Post:

Impact Of The Creative City Theory Cultural Studies Essay

Impact Of The Creative City Theory Cultural Studies Essay The creative city has become an amazingly popular concept in recent years. Along with the appearance of Richard Floridas book The Rise of the Creative Class (2002), and Charles Landrys The Creative City (2000), it seems that every city is developing a creative city policy. At the same time, the creative city concept is under serious debate in the academic world. Nevertheless, a gap exists between the academic literature that discusses the development of the creative city on a conceptual level, and the actual policy development in individual cities. On the one hand, many cities base their policies on limited sources. These include the works of Landry and Florida. On the other hand, cities take over the content of successful creative city policies such as Barcelona or Lille. They update their own policies then with the concept of the creative city (Chatterton, 2000, p. 392). In a similar vein, Russo and Van der Borg (2010, p.686) state that the relation between culture and urban economic remains largely a black box in which cities move like amateurs. Accordingly, creative city policy tends to be ad hoc rather than moving towards the professionalization of creative activities (cf. Jayne, in: Evans, 2009, p. 1011). In the next chapters, firstly, we will summarize quickly academic literature explaining the concept of the creative city in more detail. Secondly, we will review policies of four Dutch cities described by Kooijman and Romein (2007) to find out more about the presence of creative city elements. Finally, we try to find out what the impact of the creative city theory on practice policies really are. In the discussion there are a few critics that have some interesting points of view and we contemplate on the usefulness for my graduation project. Concept of the Creative City Knowledge-based activities are of crucial importance for the growth in modern urban economies. Some regional economists claim that local clusters of linked industries and institutions in specific sectors are essential elements for urban competitiveness. People-based perspectives emphasize the importance of highly skilled and well educated workers as the key to economic success. Although many members of the creative class are high-educated, Richard Florida stressed in his books (Florida, 2002, 2005) the importance of creative talent for economic growth. Following his train of thought, it is primarily the capacity to generate new ideas, new knowledge and technologies, and new forms and content, and the ability to solve complex problems, that determines whether technologically-advanced companies decide to locate and invest in a city. Floridas assumption is that jobs follow people, rather than that people follow jobs. Local economic policy should thus be primarily aimed at attracting cre ative people rather than business. It is a well-known fact that creative people prefer urban places with an attractive living environment, a good quality of place. If a city can provide this, creative people will settle, and investment in creative, productive activities will follow. According to Florida, this means that places have driven back companies as key organizing units in our economy. By means of the metaphor of the 3Ts, he sums up the qualities of places: technology, talent and tolerance. Technological capacity is seen as a prerequisite for economic success; flows of talented people are regarded essential, since these are the carriers of creativity; and tolerance is thought of as the crucial magnet, the supply-side foundation upon which creative clusters are built (Peck, 2005, p.746). Besides the 3Ts, there is a broad array of other factors that the creative class takes in mind when making decisions. On the basis of both theoretical and operational findings, Trip (2007, p. 31) concluded that diversity, specific amenities, liveliness and culture are key-concepts that generate a creative life packed full of intense, high-quality, multidimensional experiences. It can also be assumed that creative talent attaches great importance to the presence of third places which are neither home nor work, but forms of outdoor leisure and entertainment where information and ideas can be interchanged (Florida, 2002). This is not seen as an activity which is strictly separated from work and only engaged at certain times of the day, but rather as something which interacts with work in a process of personal and social creative growth. It is interesting to note that Floridas thesis builds on the notion that former established dichotomies such as culture versus economy, work versus leisure, production versus consumption (Mommaas, 1999, p. 177) are becoming less relevant in understanding how an increasing number of people live in cities, and how individual cities prosper. Policies in Practice To get a better inside in the implementation of the creative city theory in the policies in practice I will give an explanation of the policies in four largest Dutch cities investigated by Kooijman and Romein (2007). They made a methodological framework using the policy philosophy model developed by Vermeijden (2001). In this model there is made a distinction between three major components. The normative core contains the basic principles and guidelines of urban policy that consists of the motivation and legitimation of plans and proposals. The policy core is based on concepts, strategies, themes, programs and policy objectives. It elaborates the normative core into policies. The secondary aspects consist of the practical core of implementation includes the legal, administrative, financial and organisational framework. Amsterdam Economic policy in Amsterdam views as a key concept for economic performance. Currently the city is focusing on both banks of the IJ river and in the Eastern Port Area, by realizing large consumption venues, including a film museum. They are also strengthening the attractiveness of public spaces (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2004a), urban living (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2003a, 2005), and the city as a consumer environment. The city doesnt exclusively focus on the creative class, nor at highly skilled workers. This because of the fact that the city already more than 50 per cent highly skilled workers. Instead the city aims both to encourage creative talent to settle and tourists to visit. Interesting is that they dont distinguish different target groups. They claim that if the city is attractive to its inhabitants that it is also attractive to creative talent and tourists. Nevertheless, the last few years they paid more attention to their traditional characteristic tolerance and open atmosphere. R ecently the Spatial Planning Department replaced its top-down, supply side, design-focused planning approach. They are experimenting with a more demand-side and the role of the local government as mediator. They are actively searching for target groups, costumers and market players to sort into product-market combinations. Amsterdam sees city and region as belonging together. Amsterdam and Almere have thus recently developed the concept of twin city. Amsterdam has also focused on strengthening production with the Science Park Amsterdam. This cluster of high-tech industries is an early example of Dutch knowledge-based urban development policy. With regard to creative and cultural industries, since 1999, the city has invested in a broedplaatsenbeleid. This new policy was the outcome of the clearing large-scale old buildings and a boom in the private construction of commercial mainstream developments. Affordable locations for new creative initiatives became increasingly scarce. And sev eral of the initiatives moved to other cities. This made the local government realize that a valuable kind of economic capital was being destroyed. The policy aimed to take abandoned factories, warehouses, and similar buildings out of the property market, and place them at the disposal of small-scale, start-up enterprises in the creative and cultural industries. They did this, to provide affordable working and living spaces. (Van Ulzen, 2007, p. 181). The only other initiative to strengthen creative production has been the creation of an inventory of creative businesses, including characteristics of their production environments. To provide an empirical basis for possible future policies. (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2003b, 2006a, 2006b). Utrecht In Utrecht in the policy there is a focus on consumer environments notable as well. Two documents (Gemeente Utrecht, 203b, 2003c) aim at the strengthening of the inner city as a hospitable meeting place. Hereby there lies an emphasis on the hospitability sector and the leisure sector. The leisure note (2003b) seek to attract more visitors to Utrecht in order to create jobs and revenues. While the Economic Note (2003c) positions Utrecht as a meeting place for talent. This should draw people to live and work in the city. However, this talent could be described rather highly trained than creative. Those two documents reglect an entrepreneurial approach. This is also present in the Memorandum on Culture (Gemeente Utrecht, 2005), where the economic potential of consumer environments is the foremost priority of the policy-makers. The consumption-oriented policy in Utrecht tries to a achieve culture and leisure services in specific areas of the city. The emphasis lies here on the city cente r. The intention is to create a consumption environment with new shops, catering, cultural services and nightlife activities. The purpose here is to compete successfully with Amsterdam. In addition, area developments have been planned around the central railway station. In the Leidsche Rijn center there is developed a second heart that would generate 80,000 new residents and 40,000 new jobs. These projects include large scale consumption programs. A new music hall, multiplex cinema and a multi-purpose theatre. Finally, large-scale mono-functional retail, sports and recreation projects are planned at the edges of the city. All of these projects reflect the ambition of Utrecht to become a leisure center of national importance. Policy in Utrecht focuses explicitly on reinforcing the cultural and creative production than Amsterdam (Hogeschool voor de Kunsten, 2005). Just like Amsterdam did, Utrecht mapped out its creative sector, but the intention of Utrecht is to use this map actually as tool for strengthening the creative production. The municipal departments of Economy and Culture are attempting to support creative companies by equipping seedbeds and multi-tenant buildings. Utrecht is hereby more explicitly geared towards economic goals than Amsterdam. This is reflected in Utrechts explicit intention to improve the quality of cultural and creative entrepreneurship. Of all four cities, Utrecht is the only one that is engaged ina regional platform of municipalities, collaborating on production. The objective of this is strengthening networks of creative and artistic businesses with other institutions and companies like, educational institutes and banks. The city has a close alliance with the Province via the long term cultural program, Vrede van Utrecht (Treaty of Utrecht, 1713). In the years coming to the third centenary of the Treaty, there will be organized many events. Investments in cultural production will be made that explicitly aim to position Utrecht on the international map of cultural destinations. The focus is not limited to cultural and creative industries. The Economic Memorandum (Gemeente Utrecht, 2003c) focuses on other sectors as well. Business and medical services. The latter is an example of knowledge-based urban development. The aim is to strengthen links between educational and research institutes, healthcare services, and industry. The approach is more explicitly entrepreneurial than Amsterdam . There is a finer balance between the consumption and production based policies. Rotterdam The production and consumption-oriented policies in Rotterdam are to be concerned of the grown awareness that the city has about the fact that it lies behind the other three major cities. Due to relatively strong orientation on capital-intensive manufacturing and logistics, lowly skilled labour force, and a low intensity of knowledge (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2004b). The aim of its consumption oriented policy is to improve the citys attractiveness for residents, visitors, and tourists. This policy has clear economic roots, although the relative strength of the economic perspective differs between local government departments and agencies. The municipal Department of Art Cultures Cultural Plan 2005-2008 (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2003) puts major social and educational goals forward. The mission statements of the Ontwikkelingsbedrijf Rotterdam (OBR) and the Economic Developmetn Board of Rotterdam (EBDR) are spatial economic in nature. Their consumption oriented policy clearly reflects an entrepr eneurial approach. The OBR chaired the inter departmental Working Group that was responsible for developing the vision of the citys leisure and entertainment provision in 2001( Gemeente Rotterdam, 2001). This vision connected twenty-four locations (mostly in the center and on the waterfront) with ten different leisure themes (shopping, modern architecture, cultural heritage, sports and port, maritime and water related activities. Specific combination of themes was developed for each location. The vision acted as a framework for inviting entrepreneurs form the leisure industry to invest in the city (Gemeente Rotterdam, OBR, 2004c). Like Utrecht, Rotterdam, explicitly aspires to strechthen its leisure economy. And they also acknowledge the importance of large consumption projects in area development programs. Indeed, the building, extension, and renovation of sports facilities, multiplex cinemas, theatres and museums have been features of urban policy since the 1970s. Furthermore, Rot terdam places significant emphasis on large scale, outdoor summer festivals. In 2005, Rotterdam won the National Festival City of the Year award for the second time. Rotterdam has developed a policy that focuses directly on encouraging creative production. This is more explicitly than Amsterdam and in a more elaborate way than Utrecht. This is emphasized in the Economic Vision 2020 memorandum (Gemeente Rotterdam, EDB, 2004a). This is even further developed in two policy documents (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2005b; Gemeente Rotterdam, EDBR, 2006). The former reflects the priority assigned to the development of audio-visual expertise in competition rather than cooperation with other cities. Rotterdam makes work of creativity is a more general policy document that denominates four promising creative sectors for further development. The document distinguishes four types of creative zones. Those are areas where designated policies stimulate concentrations of creative businesses. Visibility thro ugh clustering is considered as a precondition for a successful creative-sector development. The intention is that the creative cluster, the medical cluster and the portbound industries should create the international profile of Rotterdam in the near future (Gemeente Rotterdam, EDBR, 2004a). For the creative cluster in particular, the local government aims to focus on improving the citys quality of place.. This in order to attract and retain students and other creative people. However the most policy initiatives concerned the Creative City aim on more on production instead. This includes the upgrading of entrepreneurship and improvement of adjustment of the knowledge infrastructure to creative production (Gemeente Rotterdam, OBR, 2005a; Gemeente Rotterdam EDBR, 2006). The role of the local government in the expansion of these three sectors of local economy is to facilitate the process of cooperation between businesses , knowledge institutes and municipal departments. In some locatio ns, there are policies aiming to improve urban consumption and strengthen creative production are being combined with large scale area redevelopment programs. In the Lloydkwartier and the Kop van Zuid, leisure, residential developments for the new middle class are being developed alongside cultural and creative sectores. The Kop van Zuid had already been designated as a strategic urban development program in the early 1980s (Ter Borg and Dijkink, 1992). Amsterdams IJ-oever and Utrechts Central Station area are also focusing on area redevelopment, but not so explicitly in support of creative production. The Hague The Hague is a city that attaches a great deal of importance to culture. It seeks to strengthen forms of small-scale cultural production by stimulating these to interlink with consumption. The keyword is integration and the intention is that producers of culture should be more open to the public. Moreover, the intention is that established actors should themselves open up to local producers, to create public for the latter. However, local memoranda (Gemeente Den Haag, 2005a, 2005b) state that no changes are needed with respect to retail policy. Leisure policy is less relevant tot the creative city. It is consumption-oriented, and aimed at larg-scale facilities in general and the business tourist in particular. Two areas in The Hague conspicuously represent this approach. The city center and the Scheveningen beach resort. A notable aspect of the local policy is the potential link between culture an economy. There is a suggestion that previously separate policy areas and social domains could be linked to great effect. Linkage is needed in order to allow different economic sectors to profit from one another. The city is actively using its real estate to implement local policy. The city region of The Hague has perhaps the highest amount of inter-municipal co-operation in the four largest Dutch cities. Comparable with Amsterdams proactive approach, The Hague is initiating meeting to answer the interests of cultural producers. A large number of networks are being organized in order to bring the relevant parties together. Producers, theatres and real estate owners (Gemeente Den Haag, 2005c, 2005d). However, discussions exist about the border of the city. Retail and leisure are issues of discussion with secondary cities in the environment (Stadsgewest Haaglanden, 2002, 2006) In addition The Hague is holding talks with Delft about developing the ICT sector. One clear advantage is the location of the University of Technology. The Hague is in discussion with the secondary city of Leiden on the possible relocation of part of the citys university to The Hague. Knowledge based urban development is and increasingly important field of urban policy making. The Hague is at disadvantage as it is the only one of the four largest cities without an university. The policy discourse is at least as explicitly entrepreneurial as that of the other three cities. Altough the two directions, the stimulation of large scale consumption projects and the stimulation of cultural industries, are present in all the four cities. The policy of The Hague is most openly entrepreneurial due to the formulation of specific product-market combinations. The municipality is looking for big spenders. Tourists or high income workers that not yet live in the city. The city aspires to be business-like and a reliable partner'(Gemeente Den Haag, 2005e) Impact of the Creative City theory The four cities have adopted strengthening competitiveness for post-industrial economic growth as a main objective. Just like Florida (2005) they try to attract the highly mobile flow of creative talent. Though the impact of Floridas work it has hardly impact on discussions on the policys normative core. However one interprets Floridas position on the social aspects of the creative economy, this has played no big role in this debate in the Netherlands. Lastly the plea for an open and tolerant social climate in cities does neither appear to have had a significant impact on Dutch policy. The multicultural harmonious Dutch climate, on the contrary, has changed towards the adjustment of diversity to fit the Dutch cultural values and norms. The debate about social inequality, is an issue in Dutch cities, but is separate from the debate on the value and utility of Floridas thesis. The policy core aims to achieve a strong competitive position and good economic performance. Regardless of Floridas aversion on standardized and tightly-scheduled forms of consumption the four cities have planned and developed these new commercial programs anyway. The four cities focus less on improving hard to grasp place quality. Instead they do on direct and explicit support of economic production. One of the tactics of the government is to put old buildings at the disposal of creative producers. The four cities do not have blind faith in the notion that jobs follow when a high quality consumption for the creative class is established. The policies involve small scale production of cultural activities and creative businesses in Rotterdam and the cultural sector in The Hague. However, they pay at least attention to the clusters based on knowledge and the medical clusters in Utrecht and Rotterdam. Moreover, Floridas most important argument, of the creative class, is not prominent in the current policies. Rather the cities aim at attracting graduates and highly trained professionals, to boost scientific knowledge-based sectors, as well attracting visitors and tourists. One obvious aspect is the cooperative network that links institutions with young talented creative producers. For instance in Utrecht the educational institutes took the initiative over the government. The perspective, however, is more local, and cooperation between different municipalities is limited. The impact of Florida on the organisational framework is very limited because he doesnt really gives specific details in his books. Conclusion Discussion The influence of the Creative City theory is considered very limited in the urban policies of the largest four Dutch cities. Floridas vision on urban economic development fits so good that it hardly adds something new. Neither regarding social development nor tolerance had a significant impact on the four cities. The emphasis of Florida lies on creative people, while the policies use the label creative for production. Floridas thesis appears to be little more than a source of inspiration that has been interpreted widely, in order to stimulate creative industries in the context of broader economic growth. There has been no development of governance arrangements that contribute to a more competitive city. Important criticisms these days on the potential of the Creative City theory on sustainable economic growth are. It is a long way from the improvement of qualities of place to economic growth. Second Atzema (2007) states that it is extremely difficult to define who belongs to the creative class and who doesnt. Another criticism is that the suggested interrelation between living, working and leisure is extremely difficult to put into practice (Van Dalm, 2007) Finally Floridas model is typical North American metropolitan area. Very different than the Dutch urban environment, this demands that issues related to qualities of place should be place in a different perspective. For my graduation project this review study has been quite useful. It made me see how different Dutch cities are dealing with creativity in their policies. My project is in Amsterdam which makes it very interesting to notice how other cities are dealing with the same issues. This brought me also more to the understanding that the success of the creative industries are really place specific, while those place qualities are difficult to plan. Therefore those strategies are probably most successful on temporary bases in non planned environment. Desolated industrial areas are really suitable since they have a strong sense of identity. Furthermore it is interesting to see how the implementation of theory in this example is overestimated. Creativity is used as label for production. This insight provides my graduation project with numerous long term possibilities while the creative industries can be used in the trajectory transformation.